Continuing Education

A 77-year-old man was admitted for coronary artery bypass graft surgery with aortic valve replacement. The operation went smoothly but the patient went into atrial fibrillation with hypotension during removal of the venous cannula. The patient was shocked at 10 Joules but did not convert to sinus rhythm; the surgeon requested 20 Joules synchronized cardioversion, after which the patient went into ventricular fibrillation and was immediately and successfully defibrillated with 20 Joules. While the patient was being transferred to his gurney, the operating room team noticed that the electrocardiogram cable that enables synchronized cardioversion was only connected into the anesthesia monitor and was never connected to the patient’s defibrillator. The commentary discusses the risks of unsynchronized shocks or pacing, the role of standardized processes to ensure that operating room equipment is prepared and set-up correctly, and the importance of operating room team preparation to urgently address life threatening complications

A 61-year-old patient presented to the emergency department (ED) complaining of weakness with findings of shuffling gait, slurred speech, delayed response to questions, and inability to concentrate or make eye contact. A stroke alert was activated and a neurosurgeon evaluated the patient via teleconsult. There was no intracranial hemorrhage identified on non-contrast computed tomography (CT) of the head and the neurosurgeon recommended administering Tenecteplase (TNK). Thirty minutes after TNK administration, laboratory tests showed that the patient’s alcohol level was 433 mg/dL, a potentially fatal level. The patient was admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) for close monitoring. A repeat CT scan was performed and revealed a new subdural hemorrhage. The neurosurgeon was updated, conservative treatment was recommended, and the patient recovered slowly. The commentary highlights how “stroke chameleons,” “stroke mimics,” and biases contribute to stroke misdiagnosis and strategies to identify “stroke mimics” and improve stroke diagnosis.

A five-year-old girl presented to the emergency department (ED) with symptoms of an upper respiratory tract infection. A viral swab was negative for SARS-CoV2, influenza, and respiratory syncytial virus. A throat swab was positive for group A Streptococcus. The patient returned the next day with worsening symptoms but the treating physician again did not order imaging and attributed all findings to pharyngitis. The child was sent home with a prescription for amoxicillin. On day 3 after the first ED visit, the child was brought back to the ED by ambulance with pulseless electrical activity at a heart rate of 70 bpm and oxygen saturation of 40% with no spontaneous respirations. On examination during resuscitation, there was skin mottling and petechiae. She was pronounced dead after resuscitative efforts failed. Autopsy showed bilateral pneumonia and right-sided empyema. Empyema cultures grew Streptococcus pyogenes and Klebsiella pneumoniae. The commentary discusses the importance of timely recognition and proper management of potential bacterial infections to prevent downstream morbidity and mortality from sepsis.

A patient who was 39-weeks pregnant presented to the hospital in active labor, admitted to the Labor and Delivery unit and confirmed to have a full-term singleton fetus in vertex presentation. After several hours on oxytocin, the fetal head was still relatively high and the fetal heart rhythm suggested hypoxemia. The physician attempted delivery using a vacuum, but ultimately performed an emergency cesarean delivery of a healthy newborn. The procedure was complicated by the need to extend the lower uterine segment incision bilaterally for safe extraction of the fetus. The operator’s note described post-delivery repair of the right uterine incision but did not comment on the left side. Following the delivery, the patient was noted to be hypotensive and tachycardic and went into cardiac arrest. Another physician opened the patient’s incision and found nearly three liters of blood had collected in her abdomen, apparently due to complete transection of the left uterine artery. The commentary highlights the risk factors for obstetric hemorrhage, summarizes standardized risk assessments used to alert for potential obstetric hemorrhage and use of obstetric simulation training to improve team communication and performance.

An 18-year-old woman with no significant past medical history was admitted to a community hospital for evaluation and treatment of acute psychosis with paranoid delusions and started on an antipsychotic medication. On hospital day 7, the nurse practitioner learned from the patient’s father that there was a family history of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and suggested that the patient be evaluated for lupus. Laboratory tests indicated borderline pancytopenia, an elevated antinuclear antibody (ANA), and abnormally elevated anti-double-stranded DNA, but these laboratory tests were not evaluated until 2-3 days after discharge and the patient was never referred for further evaluation. The commentary discusses the clinical manifestations of a primarily psychiatric presentation of SLE, the importance of family history when evaluating patients with psychotic presentations, and the need for clear communication between medical specialists to ensure safe, high-quality care.

A woman presented to the emergency department (ED) for evaluation of a laceration to the palmer aspect of her left thumb. The treating clinician documented a superficial 3cm laceration and that the patient was unable to flex her thumb due to pain. The clinician closed the laceration with sutures. Neither a sensory examination nor wound exploration was documented. No fracture or foreign body was identified on x-ray but the procedure note did not mention whether the tendon was visualized. Several weeks after discharge from the ED, the patient was still unable to flex her thumb and was referred to an orthopedic surgeon and a hand specialist who surgically repaired a laceration to the flexor tendon. The commentary discusses the importance of including neurovascular and functional testing when evaluating hand injuries and the role of diagnostic imaging as well as strategies to improve diagnosis and mitigate human error when treating hand injuries.

This case describes a 55-year-old woman who sustained critical injuries after a motor vehicle crash and had a lengthy hospitalization. On hospital day 30, a surgeon placed a percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) tube in the intensive care unit (ICU) after computed tomography (CT) scan showed no interposed bowel between the stomach and the anterior abdominal wall.  After the uncomplicated PEG placement, the surgeon cleared the patient’s team to advance tube feeds as tolerated. After several weeks of poorly tolerated tube feedings, the interventional radiology team reviewed a CT scan which had been obtained by another service 6 days after the PEG was placed and noted (for the first time) that the gastrostomy tube traversed the liver. Insufficient communication and fragmented care coordination across care settings contributed to poor management of the malpositioned PEG tube. The commentary underscores the importance of clear documentation of complications, highlights best practices to mitigate risks during patient care transition, and the importance of using multiple communication approaches to ensure appropriate continuity of care.

This case describes the failure to identify a brewing abdominal process, which over the span of hours led to fulminant sepsis with rapid clinical deterioration and eventual demise. The patient’s ascitic fluid cultures and autopsy findings confirmed bowel perforation, but this diagnosis was never explicitly considered. The commentary discusses the importance of early identification of sepsis, the role of biomarkers and risk scores in conjunction with bedside examinations to assess patients with suspected sepsis, and approaches to improve the prognosis of patients in septic shock, such as protocolized sepsis bundles.

A 31-year-old pregnant patient with type 1 diabetes on an insulin pump was hospitalized for euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). She was treated for dehydration and vomiting, but not aggressively enough, and her metabolic acidosis worsened over several days. The primary team hesitated to prescribe medications safe in pregnancy and delayed reaching out to the Maternal Fetal Medicine (MFM) consultant, who made recommendations but did not ensure that the primary team received and understood the information. The commentary highlights how breakdowns in communication amongst providers can lead to medical errors and prolonged hospitalization and how the principles of team-based care, communication, and a culture of safety can improve care in complex health care situations.

This case describes a 65-year-old man with alcohol use disorder who presented to a hospital 36 hours after his last alcoholic drink and was found to be in severe alcohol withdrawal. The patient’s Clinical Institute Withdrawal Assessment (CIWA) score was very high, indicating signs and symptoms of severe alcohol withdrawal. He was treated with symptom-triggered dosing of benzodiazepines utilizing the CIWA protocol and dexmedetomidine continuous infusion. The treating team had planned to wean the infusion; however, the following day, the patient was noted to be obtunded on a high dose of dexmedetomidine. He remained somnolent for two additional days and subsequently developed aspiration pneumonia and Clostridioides difficile colitis, which further prolonged his hospital stay and strained relationships among the patient's family, the nursing staff and medical team. The commentary reviews the medications commonly used to treat alcohol withdrawal and the risks associated with these medications, the use of standardized medication order sets for continuous weight-based infusions within the intensive care unit, and ways to minimize clinician bias in assessing and treating substance use disorders.