This study demonstrated that reduced rates of catheter-related bloodstream infections persisted 18 months after participation in the landmark Keystone ICU project. The findings provide strong evidence for the impact and sustainability of a multifaceted quality improvement (QI) initiative that popularized checklists, generated controversy over the relationship between QI and research, and led to a 2009 Eisenberg award for the Keystone Center. Dr. Pronovost, lead author of this study and principal investigator of the Keystone project, was interviewed in 2005 by AHRQ WebM&M.