OBJECTIVES: To investigate doctors' intentions to raise a patient safety concern by applying the socio-psychological model 'Theory of Planned Behaviour'.
DESIGN: Qualitative semi-structured focus groups and interviews.
SETTING: Training venues across England (North West, South East and South West).
PARTICIPANTS: Sampling was purposeful to include doctors from differing backgrounds and grades.
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Perceptions of raising a patient safety concern.
RESULTS: While raising a concern was considered an appropriate professional behaviour, there were multiple barriers to raising a concern, which could be explained by the Theory of Planned Behaviour. Negative attitudes operated due to a fear of the consequences, such as becoming professionally isolated. Disapproval for raising a concern was encountered at an interpersonal and organisational level. Organisational constraints of workload and culture significantly undermined the raising of a concern. Responses about concerns were often side-lined or not taken seriously, leading to demotivation to report. This was reinforced by high-profile cases in the media and the negative treatment of whistle-blowers. While regulator guidance acted as an enabler to justify raising a concern, doctors felt disempowered to raise a concern about people in positions of greater power, and ceased to report concerns due to a perceived lack of action about concerns raised previously.
CONCLUSIONS: Intentions to raise a concern were complex and highly contextual. The Theory of Planned Behaviour is a useful model to aid understanding of the factors which influence the decision to raise a concern. Results point to implications for policymakers, including the need to publicise positive stories of whistle-blowers and providing greater support to doctors.
}, year = {2019}, journal = {J R Soc Med}, volume = {112}, pages = {428-437}, month = {12/2019}, issn = {1758-1095}, doi = {10.1177/0141076819877542}, language = {eng}, }