@article{1899,
  author = {Shonna Yin and Ruth M. Parker and Lee M. Sanders and Alan Mendelsohn and Benard P. Dreyer and Stacy Cooper Bailey and Deesha A. Patel and Jessica J. Jimenez and Kwang-Youn A. Kim and Kara Jacobson and Michelle C J Smith and Laurie Hedlund and Nicole Meyers and Terri McFadden and Michael S. Wolf},
  title = {Pictograms, Units and Dosing Tools, and Parent Medication Errors: A Randomized Study.},
  abstract = {<p><b>BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: </b>Poorly designed labels and dosing tools contribute to dosing errors. We examined the degree to which errors could be reduced with pictographic diagrams, milliliter-only units, and provision of tools more closely matched to prescribed volumes.</p><p><b>METHODS: </b>This study involved a randomized controlled experiment in 3 pediatric clinics. English- and Spanish-speaking parents ( = 491) of children ≤8 years old were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 groups and given labels and dosing tools that varied in label instruction format (text and pictogram, or text only) and units (milliliter-only ["mL"] or milliliter/teaspoon ["mL/tsp"]). Each parent measured 9 doses of liquid medication (3 amounts [2, 7.5, and 10 mL] and 3 tools [1 cup, 2 syringes (5- and 10-mL capacities)]) in random order. The primary outcome was dosing error (>20% deviation), and large error (>2× dose).</p><p><b>RESULTS: </b>We found that 83.5% of parents made ≥1 dosing error (overdosing was present in 12.1% of errors) and 29.3% of parents made ≥1 large error (>2× dose). The greatest impact on errors resulted from the provision of tools more closely matched to prescribed dose volumes. For the 2-mL dose, the fewest errors were seen with the 5-mL syringe (5- vs 10-mL syringe: adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 0.3 [95% confidence interval: 0.2-0.4]; cup versus 10-mL syringe: aOR = 7.5 [5.7-10.0]). For the 7.5-mL dose, the fewest errors were with the 10-mL syringe, which did not necessitate measurement of multiple instrument-fulls (5- vs 10-mL syringe: aOR = 4.0 [3.0-5.4]; cup versus 10-mL syringe: aOR = 2.1 [1.5-2.9]). Milliliter/teaspoon was associated with more errors than milliliter-only (aOR = 1.3 [1.05-1.6]). Parents who received text only (versus text and pictogram) instructions or milliliter/teaspoon (versus milliliter-only) labels and tools made more large errors (aOR = 1.9 [1.1-3.3], aOR = 2.5 [1.4-4.6], respectively).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS: </b>Provision of dosing tools more closely matched to prescribed dose volumes is an especially promising strategy for reducing pediatric dosing errors.</p>},
  year = {2017},
  journal = {Pediatrics},
  volume = {140},
  pages = {e20163237},
  month = {07/2017},
  issn = {1098-4275},
  doi = {10.1542/peds.2016-3237},
  language = {eng},
}