This cross-sectional survey of general surgery residents to assessed resident wellness and self-reported error and compared these results against National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) registry data to assess patient outcomes. Over a six-month period, 22.5% of residents self-reported a near-miss medical error and nearly 7% reported an error resulting in patient harm. Residents reporting harmful medical errors were more likely to report symptoms of burnout and poor psychiatric well-being, but researchers did not find any significant association between well-being and adverse postoperative patient outcomes reported in the NSQIP registry.