… both critical and creative thinking.   … Shimizu T, Graber M. How insight contributes to diagnostic excellence. …

… of the need to improve education in regard to diagnosis. … Graber ML,  Holmboe E, Stanley J, et al. A call to action: …

Common Formats for Event Reporting allow organizations to collect and share standardized adverse event data. This study conducted a usability assessment of AHRQ’s proposed Common Formats Event Reporting for Diagnostic Safety (CFER-DS). Feedback from eight patient safety experts was generally positive, although they also identified potential reporter burden, with each report taking 30-90 minutes to complete. CFER-DS Version 1.0 is now available.

Receiving feedback from colleagues may improve clinicians’ diagnostic reasoning skills. By building on existing models such as Safer Dx, and collaborating with professionals outside of the healthcare field, researchers developed the Diagnosis Learning Cycle, a model intended to improve diagnosis through peer feedback.

To reduce diagnostic errors, the National Academy of Medicine (NAM) recommends increasing nursing engagement in the diagnostic process. This article reviews the current state of diagnostic education in nursing training and suggests inter-professional individual and team-based competencies to improve diagnostic safety.

Diagnostic error is an ongoing patient safety challenge that can result in patient harm. This literature review identified a set of emergency department (ED)-focused electronic health record (EHR) triggers (e.g., death following ED visit, change in treating service after admission, unscheduled return to the ED resulting in admission) and non-EHR based signals (e.g., patient complaints, referral to risk management) with the potential to screen ED visits for diagnostic safety events.

Incomplete or delayed test result communication can contribute to diagnostic errors, delayed treatments and patient harm. The authors synthesized systematic and narrative reviews from multiple perspectives discussing diagnostic test result communication failures. The review identified several avenues for improving closed-loop communication through the use of technology, audit and feedback, and use of point-of-care or bedside testing.

This study analyzed malpractice claims to characterize nursing involvement in diagnosis-related (n=139) and failure-to-monitor malpractice (n=647) claims. The most common contributing factors included inadequate communication among providers (55%), failure to respond (41%), and documentation failures (28%). Both diagnosis-related and physiologic monitoring cases listing communication failures among providers as a contributing factor were associated with a higher risk of death (odds ratio [OR]=3.01 and 2.21, respectively). Healthcare organizations need to take actions to enhance nurses’ knowledge and skills to be better engage them in the diagnostic process, such as competency training and assessment.

Mitigating diagnostic error has become a critical patient safety concern. As a result, medical education and training programs are increasingly focused on teaching students and residents about diagnostic safety. This article describes the development of a novel interprofessional framework to improve diagnostic competency across health professions education programs. A consensus committee identified 12 key competencies that focus on individual performance (e.g., prioritizing differential diagnosis; utilizing second opinions, decision support, and checklists), teamwork (e.g., engaging patients and families; collaborating with other health professionals), and system-related aspects of clinical care (e.g., developing a culture of diagnostic safety; disclosing and learning from errors). The authors emphasize the innovative aspects of their recommendations and suggest that education programs develop curriculum incorporating these competencies to improve diagnosis. A previous WebM&M commentary discussed an incident involving a diagnostic error.

The hectic pace of emergency care detracts from reliability. This review examined the literature on evidence, practice, and patient perspectives regarding diagnostic error in the emergency room. A WebM&M commentary discussed an incident involving a diagnostic delay in the emergency department.

Standardized approaches can enhance team communication, process reliability, and diagnostic thinking. This commentary suggests that checklist use is an underutilized low-cost intervention to reduce diagnostic error. The authors describe process checklists, which can can help manage cognitive challenges, and content checklists, which provide differential diagnoses for common symptoms.

This commentary provides a clinical review of a missed diagnosis of Epstein-Barr virus infection that was identified via autopsy and summarizes contributing factors to the incident with an emphasis on the role of cognitive bias. The piece includes the perspectives of the patient's family and from the organization regarding what happened and what could have been done to prevent this outcome. This discussion is the first in a series of diagnostic error case presentations to be published in this journal.

Efforts to reduce diagnostic error have mainly focused on safety and quality improvement initiatives. This commentary describes an educational strategy for improving diagnosis. The authors suggest that learners should demonstrate effective use of knowledge, clinical reasoning, system orientation, patient and team engagement, and appropriate attitudes regarding diagnosis to achieve lasting success.

Test results pending at the time of hospital discharge can lead to a delay in diagnosis and represent a significant patient safety risk. This systematic review found that certain electronic and educational interventions may improve documentation and awareness of pending test results. The authors suggest that further research is needed to understand how these interventions affect processes and outcomes.

Research is increasingly focusing on diagnostic errors and strategies to reduce them. The challenges of measuring diagnostic difficulties has hindered progress. This commentary outlines a conceptual approach to identifying "undesirable diagnostic events." The authors propose developing a list of clinical contexts and specific diseases prone to diagnostic error. Candidate conditions should be diagnosable in routine practice with a clear reference standard and defined diagnostic process. They also contend that measures should be constructed for relatively common conditions that are often misdiagnosed and for which delayed diagnosis could lead to harm, such as delayed cancer diagnosis. The authors propose designing and testing diagnosis measures based on this framework. A previous PSNet perspective by the senior author, Hardeep Singh, discussed momentum in the field of diagnostic error over the past several years.

Teamwork has been highlighted as a key component of patient safety that also applies to improving diagnosis. This commentary describes how the team approach to diagnosis is anchored in patient-centered care and suggests that the diagnostic team must expand beyond the focus on physicians and involve a wide range of professionals, including pathologists, allied health practitioners, and medical librarians.

Health information technologies (IT) are seen to facilitate diagnostic improvement. This review discusses opportunities and problems that health IT can bring to diagnostic safety. The authors recommend ways to safely use health IT to improve diagnosis.

Efforts to reduce diagnostic errors are hindered by the lack of effective measures to track improvement. This commentary proposes a set of measures for consideration that have the potential to structure research and evaluation of diagnosis improvement initiatives.

The Improving Diagnosis in Health Care report advocated for enhancing patient engagement as a strategy to reduce diagnostic error. This commentary suggests that discussing uncertainty, seeking second opinions, and utilizing a checklist to guide decision-making can help engage primary care patients in the diagnostic process.

The need to improve diagnosis is gaining international recognition. This review summarizes the literature on diagnostic error in primary care and recommends policy and research strategies to prioritize changes needed to enhance diagnostic safety globally.