Root cause analysis (RCA) is a common method to investigate adverse events and identify contributing factors. To expand resident understanding of and participation in RCA, the authors developed simulated RCAs that were applicable to a broad set of specialties and included other healthcare professionals whose disciplines were involved in the event (e.g., nurses, pharmacists). After participating in the simulated RCAs, there was an increase in trainees understanding of RCA and intent to report adverse events.

This study used a mixed-methods approach to characterize the impact of two academic fellowships in Quality Improvement Patient Safety (QIPS) to both graduates and their respective institutions. Students in these programs reported a positive impact of the fellowship on their careers, with nearly all being involved in QIPS administration, research or education upon graduation. Interviewed mentors also generally thought the fellowships were important and the resulting research had departmental, institutional and even national importance.

Prior research has shown that educational interventions can be developed to teach trainees about cognitive biases that contribute to diagnostic errors. The authors describe the development and implementation of a virtual patient module to teach medical students about the diagnostic process.

This simulation study presented virtual patient cases to practicing physicians with the aim of improving diagnostic accuracy. Physician participants reported challenges using the computerized platform, and overall diagnostic performance was poor, with less than a third of respondents identifying the correct diagnosis. This study highlights the challenge of developing interventions to enhance diagnostic performance.

This qualitative study examined incident reports about surgical patients, comparing trainee reports to those submitted by attending surgeons and nurses. Trainees were more likely to enter reports anonymously and completed more elements for each report, but they also used more blame language and submitted fewer reports overall. The results suggest that encouraging trainee reporting may shed light on surgical safety.

Although patient safety competency development is increasingly a goal of graduate medical education, skills to teach them are lacking. This project report describes the development, implementation, and outcomes of a curriculum developed to meet quality improvement and patient safety educational requirements. The approach included activities such as event reporting, root cause analysis, and disclosure simulation.

Engaging trainees in quality improvement efforts has been an important area of focus within graduate medical education, but less is known about how health system resources are aligned with these activities. Researchers used survey data to better understand the perceptions of internal medicine residency program directors regarding health system support for and alignment with graduate medical education quality improvement efforts.

This analysis of specialty-specific milestones for graduate medical education found that about 40% mentioned patient safety or quality improvement. Emphasis on patient safety and quality improvement skills varied by specialty. The authors conclude that patient safety concepts are addressed in graduate medical education competencies.

… provides an update on diagnostic error. … Rencic J, Trowbridge RL Jr, Fagan M, Szauter K, Durning S. Clinical Reasoning Education at US Medical Schools: …

It is critical to educate trainees about patient safety. In this study, researchers described lessons learned from creating a leadership role that bridges quality and safety activities with graduate medical education in each of their institutions. Key responsibilities included clinical oversight, faculty development, and educational innovation. The authors advocate for further evaluation of this safety and education leadership role to determine its impact on medical education and patient outcomes.

This pre-post study found that a standardized pharmacist review of patient medications prior to hospital discharge improved the accuracy of medication reconciliation, with fewer errors uncovered over time. This work adds to the body of evidence supporting pharmacist involvement in medication reconciliation across settings.

Engaging residents and fellows in quality and safety programs is a recognized strategy to address a gap in medical education. This commentary describes a six-factor framework to integrate safety concepts into graduate medical education curriculum focusing on organizational elements such as culture, interprofessional learning, and faculty development.

Maintaining the quality of teaching on resident rounds has become a challenge in light of new pressures to improve value, as well as changes in the organization of care and in trainee accreditation standards. This commentary describes a rounding process that focuses on enhancing safety culture, engaging patients, and improving diagnostic reasoning as goals to reinforce teamwork activities including huddles, bedside rounds, and diagnostic timeouts. The authors provide information drawn from their evaluation of the program and discuss plans for further research building on their work.

The Clinical Learning Environment Review (CLER) program was developed to evaluate the performance of teaching institutions in six key areas that affect patient outcomes. This commentary describes how poor safety culture in clinical practice can counteract the effect of educating medical students about quality and safety principles. The authors note unintended consequences of the CLER program and strategies to avoid them.

This commentary discusses how two medical centers utilized the fishbone diagram as a tool to analyze diagnostic errors. A health care facility in Maine developed a root cause analysis model to determine common factors, and a residency program in Pennsylvania introduced a modified fishbone diagram to educate trainees about cognitive biases and systems issues.

Although diagnostic errors cause considerable morbidity and mortality, thus far organizations have focused on preventing errors that are more easily measured. This commentary provides two examples of organizational approaches to minimizing diagnostic error. In one, Maine Medical Center established a voluntary reporting system for diagnostic error coupled with a revised root cause analysis process to determine both cognitive and systems causes of these errors. In the other example, the Kaiser Permanente system leveraged their electronic medical record to establish electronic "safety nets" to identify patients at risk of diagnostic error. These mainly focused on ensuring appropriate follow-up of abnormal lab tests (particularly cancer screening tests) and sufficient monitoring of high-risk medications. As failure to appropriately follow-up on lab abnormalities is a common source of patient harm in ambulatory care, this system—which identified thousands of patients requiring urgent follow-up—likely averted many cases of preventable harm. An accompanying editorial by Dr. Hardeep Singh encourages health care organizations to develop processes for examining missed opportunities for making timely diagnoses.

A longitudinal curriculum for internal medicine residents, using simulated patient scenarios, resulted in improved ability to recognize the cognitive biases that can contribute to diagnostic errors.

This review outlines an educational approach to enhance clinical and diagnostic reasoning skills for trainees and physicians.

This commentary describes the development, implementation, and evaluation of a curriculum to enhance medical educators' quality improvement and patient safety teaching competencies.