Standard competencies of knowledge, skills, and attitudes for patient safety and quality improvement are needed to advance progress. Analyzing 22 position papers from various organizations, this review found little agreement regarding core competencies required. The authors advocate for international efforts to reach a consensus on existing competencies that apply across health professions.

Medical students who received specific training in probing for contextual factors (biomedical or psychosocial factors that could impact diagnosis or treatment) while interviewing patients were better able to develop individualized treatment plans.