Occupational fatigue (e.g., stress, physical fatigue) can have deleterious effects on patients, staff, and health systems. This article describes a conceptual framework to better understand the factors contributing to occupational fatigue and downstream implications (e.g., poor patient safety, employee burnout, lower retention, and higher turnover).

Community-based pharmacists have a critical role in ensuring medication safety in community settings. In this narrative review, the authors explored how collaboration between community-based pharmacists and primary care providers can improve medication safety. The most common collaboration strategy was medication review. The authors identified barriers to collaboration from both the primary care provider and pharmacist perspectives.

… BMC Med Inform Decis Mak … The CancelRx system is a health information technology-based intervention intended … data from the electronic health record (EHR) system of a midwestern academic health system, researchers found that … for controlled substances. … Watterson TL, Stone JA, Gilson A, et al. Impact of CancelRx on …

… study, the implementation of the CancelRx system led to a significant, sustained increase in successful medication … EHR and pharmacy dispensing software. … Watterson TL, Stone JA, Brown R, et al. CancelRx: a health IT tool to reduce medication discrepancies in the …

Fatigue has been linked to safety-related outcomes among many types of healthcare providers and settings. Using exploratory factor analysis, this study found physical and mental fatigue were the primary drivers of occupational fatigue in pharmacists. To increase safety, organizational interventions should strive to prevent burnout among pharmacists.

A culture of safety is vital to identifying, addressing, and preventing adverse events. Researchers delivered AHRQ's Community Pharmacy Survey on Patient Safety Culture to 445 Wisconsin pharmacists. Independent and clinic-based pharmacists reported a more robust safety culture compared to national chain pharmacists, as did pharmacists more familiar with their patients' care.

Handoffs present a significant patient safety hazard across multiple health care settings. Interruptions and distractions, which can interfere with handoff communication, are prevalent in pharmacy environments. This cross-sectional survey of community pharmacies found that virtually none of the pharmacists had received training in how to hand off information. A significant proportion of responses indicated that pharmacy information technology systems do not support handoff communication. Respondents reported that handoffs are frequently inadequate or inaccurate. The authors conclude that interventions are needed to enhance the quality of handoff communication in community pharmacy settings to prevent dispensing errors.

The Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality has developed safety culture surveys for multiple health care settings. Researchers distributed the survey to community pharmacies and found its validity to be inadequate for use in this environment. This suggests that instruments used in other settings will require significant adaptation to accurately measure patient safety in pharmacies.

The handwritten prescription pad is vanishing from clinical practice, replaced by the proliferation of e-prescribing. There are many advantages to this technology, but prescribing errors still occur at alarming rates. This study explored the approaches community pharmacists and technicians utilize to detect and manage e-prescription errors.

This direct observation study found that various medication errors related to electronic prescribing occur in community pharmacies. Contributing factors included poor inter-operability between pharmacy and clinic systems, inadequate technology usability, and data entry errors. This finding underscores the growing safety concerns associated with medication prescribing in ambulatory care.

This qualitative study used interviews with community pharmacists to characterize the types of latent errors that can contribute to problems with handoffs in care. Since the handoff process was not standardized, pharmacists reported encountering both information overload and a lack of accurate information when giving and receiving handoffs.

… … Electronic prescribing is being increasingly utilized as a patient safety strategy in ambulatory care. This … study used field observations and interviews to develop a taxonomy of potential safety hazards when using …

This review discusses concerns associated with e-prescribing and recommends that human factors engineering can help improve its use in primary care and community pharmacies.

Electronic prescribing is becoming more common in ambulatory care. This qualitative study used interviews with retail pharmacists and pharmacy technicians to identify potential safety hazards in the design of electronic prescribing systems.