Community-based pharmacists have a critical role in ensuring medication safety in community settings. In this narrative review, the authors explored how collaboration between community-based pharmacists and primary care providers can improve medication safety. The most common collaboration strategy was medication review. The authors identified barriers to collaboration from both the primary care provider and pharmacist perspectives.

Missed diagnosis of infectious diseases can have serious consequences for patient safety. This article describes a delayed diagnosis of disseminated tuberculosis in a patient with lung cancer and discusses the how cognitive biases and systems failures contributed to the diagnostic error.

Inadequate or incorrect documentation of patient allergies can lead to patient harm. This commentary discusses factors contributing to penicillin allergy documentation errors within electronic heath record systems (EHRs) and how EHR alerts can be used to improve safety around penicillin allergies.

Prior research has found that electronic health record (EHR) implementation has introduced risks to patient safety. Using data from one hospital’s EHR system, this study reviewed active allergy alerts in patient records and concluded that 37% of those records required reconciliation of allergy information across different areas of the EHR. These findings highlight the need for automated reconciliation algorithms and clinical decision support tools to help clinicians identify potential allergy discrepancies and avoid patient safety risks.

Patient exposure to allergens healthcare settings, such as latex or certain medications, can lead to adverse outcomes. Based on data from an incident reporting system, researchers in this study developed a system for classifying allergy-related safety events. Classification categories include: (1) incomplete or inaccurate EHR documentation, (2) human factors, such as overridden allergy alerts, (3) alert limitation or malfunction, (4) data exchange and interoperability failures, and (5) issues with EHR system default options. This classification system can be used to support improvements at the individual, team, and systems levels. 

Patient safety indicators (PSI) are measures that focus on quality of care and potentially preventable adverse events. This study estimated odds of preventable mortality of older adults with traumatic injuries and identified the PSIs that are associated with the highest level of preventable mortality.  Strategies to reduce preventable mortality in older adults are presented (e.g. utilization of national guidelines, minimization of central venous catheter use, addressing polypharmacy).

Adverse drug events (ADE) can occur in any healthcare setting. Using retrospective record review from three mental health hospitals, clinical pharmacists confirmed that ADEs were common, and that nearly one-fifth of those were considered preventable.

Clinician burnout, characterized by emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and decreased sense of accomplishment, can result in worse patient safety outcomes. This study explores the association of nurse burnout and self-reported occurrence of adverse events during COVID-19. Results indicate higher levels of nurse burnout were correlated with increased perception of adverse events, such as patient and family verbal abuse, medication errors, and patient and family complaints. Recommendations for decreasing burnout include access to psychosocial support and human factors approaches.

Patients taking oral anti-cancer drugs may experience severe side effects and medication errors. In this randomized controlled study, patients taking oral chemotherapy drugs were randomized to receive usual care (control) or additional intensive pharmacological/pharmaceutical care (intervention). Patients in the intervention group reported considerably fewer medication errors and side effects and increased treatment satisfaction.

Using a national surveillance system to identify adverse events A(Es) involving common oral over-the-counter (OTC) cough and cold medications, an expert panel evaluated and assigned causal relationships between AEs and active ingredients in the medications. Of the 4,756 adverse events identified, 10.8% were due to a medication error; nearly all of these errors (93.2%) were attributed to the wrong dose of medication. The most common medication errors involved diphenhydramine and dextromethorphan. Almost half of medication errors (45.8%) involved children between the ages of 2 and 5 years old and involved administration by either a parent (45%) or alternative caregiver (28.8%).  Continued standardization of medication measuring devices, concentrations and units, as well as consumer education, is needed to further decrease medication errors from these common OTC medications.

Polypharmacy is a predictor of medication errors in older adults.  Deprescribing is one approach to managing polypharmacy by reducing the dosage or number of medications and thereby reducing the risk for adverse drug events.  This study reported successful deprescribing in both long-term care and outpatient encounters, with an average of 1.3 deprescribed medications per encounter.