Based in part on its success in aviation, simulation technology has emerged as a new method for training health care professionals. While certain settings have demonstrated benefits from simulation training, there is controversy about whether its impact exceeds that of traditional didactic experiences. This systematic review analyzed results from more than 600 studies that evaluated simulation training programs. Overall, there were significant associations between simulation training and improved outcomes of knowledge, skills, and behaviors. Moderate effects on patient-related outcomes were also noted. A past AHRQ WebM&M point–counterpoint discussion debated the benefits of simulation over classroom-based training programs.